Various groups have already developed basic aARTs for use in the species closest to NWR-namely, the southern white rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium simum simum hereinafter SWR). One option is to adapt advanced assisted reproductive technologies (aARTs) developed for human and livestock animal reproduction for use in NWR ( 7). In light of this severely advanced process of species extinction, which has outpaced traditional breeding programs and habitat conservation modalities, an alternative way of thinking about this problem is vital and extremely urgent. The last male NWR, who was given the name Sudan, died in 2018, and there are now thought to be only two females left on Earth, despite a decades-long worldwide effort to conserve this species, both by eradicating rhinoceros poaching and by establishing an adequate reproduction program ( 5, 6). Early in this century, the number had dwindled to only four wild animals mainly due to poaching and warfare, and the last confirmation of a live wild NWR was in 2006 ( 5, 6). In the 1960s, the number of NWRs was estimated at 2250 ( 4). The northern white rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium simum cottoni hereinafter NWR) is categorized as “extinct in the wild” on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Large mammalian species are particularly sensitive to these human impacts because of their low recovery potential, which, in turn, is attributable to the long periods of time required for their sexual maturity and pregnancy and their limited number of progeny. This study provides a first step toward the production of NWR gametes in culture and understanding of the basic mechanism of primordial germ cell specification in a large animal.Īs a result of various human activities such as habitat destruction and poaching, our planet is currently undergoing its sixth mass extinction event ( 1– 3). We also identified cell surface markers, CD9 and Integrin subunit alpha 6 (ITGA6), that enabled us to isolate PGCLCs without genetic alteration in pluripotent stem cells. Under the defined condition, NWR induced pluripotent stem cells differentiated into PGCLCs. Genetic analysis revealed that SRY-box transcription factor 17 (SOX17) is essential for SWR-PGCLC induction. PGCLC differentiation from SWR embryonic stem cells is highly reliant on bone morphogenetic protein and WNT signals. Here, we induced primordial germ cell–like cells (PGCLCs) from pluripotent stem cells of the northern white rhinoceros (NWR), a species for which only two females remain, and southern white rhinoceros (SWR), the closest species to the NWR. In vitro gametogenesis, the process of generating gametes from pluripotent cells in culture, is a powerful tool for improving our understanding of germ cell development and an alternative source of gametes. , * and Katsuhiko Hayashi, Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing Hildebrandt, Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Sebastian Diecke, Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing - original draft, Jan Stejskal, Funding acquisition, Resources, Writing - review & editing, Giovanna Lazzari, Methodology, Resources,Ĭesare Galli, Conceptualization, Methodology, Resources, Robert Hermes, Conceptualization, Project administration, Resources, Nobuhiko Hamazaki, Methodology, Resources, Yuki Naitou, Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Resources, Software, Vera Zywitza, Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Masafumi Hayashi, Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing,
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